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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025): 2431-2444
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-08
Comparative Analysis of Drying Methods and Solvent
Polarity on Phytochemicals Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Colubrina
asiatica Leaves
(Analisis
Perbandingan Kaedah Pengeringan dan Kekutuban Pelarut ke atas Aktiviti
Fitokimia dan Antioksidan pada Daun Colubrina asiatica)
SITI NUR JELITA SABRAN1, NOOR - SOFFALINA
SOFIAN - SENG1,2, WAN AIDA WAN MUSTAPHA1,2, HAFEEDZA ABDUL RAHMAN1,2, IKA DYAH KUMALASARI3 &
1Department
of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia,
Received: 30
April 2025/Accepted: 8 August 2025
Abstract
Colubrina asiatica is a traditional Malaysian vegetable known for its high
phenolic content and antioxidant activity. However, studies on the effect of
drying methods and solvent polarity on the extraction efficiency of C.
asiatica leaves remain limited. Similarly, the phytochemical profile of C.
asiatica has been significantly underreported. Therefore, this study aimed
to evaluate the effects of low-temperature drying method (freeze-dried (FD) at
-50 °C) and high-temperature drying method (oven-dried (OD) at 40 °C) and
solvents of varying polarity (ethanol:water ratio of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60,
60:40, 80:20, 100:0) on the phytochemical content and antioxidant properties of C. asiatica leaf extracts. The results showed that the 100% ethanol OD
extract had the highest (p<0.05) phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C content and
ferric reducing power (FRAP) compared to the other extracts. In contrast, the
highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.05) was observed in both OD
and FD extracts (80% and 100% ethanol). Phytochemical profiling using
UHPLC-QTOF-MS identified the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloid,
terpenoids and saponins in both OD and FD (100% ethanol) extracts.
Quantification by HPLC-PDA further showed that the 100% ethanol FD extract
(FD100) had higher concentrations of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (K3R) and rutin
compared to 100% ethanol OD extract (OD100). In summary, oven drying combined
with 100% ethanol was the most effective method for obtaining C. asiatica leaf extract with high phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C content and FRAP
activity. However, freeze-dried C. asiatica leaf extracted with 100%
ethanol contains the highest concentration of K3R and rutin.
Keywords: Antioxidant; chromatography;
flavonoid; mass spectrometry (MS); phenolic
Abstrak
Colubrina asiatica merupakan sayuran tradisional Malaysia dengan kandungan
fenol dan aktiviti antioksidan yang tinggi. Namun begitu, kajian terhadap
kaedah pengeringan dan kekutuban pelarut yang berkesan untuk pengekstrakan daun C. asiatica dan profil fitokimianya masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini
bertujuan menentukan kesan kaedah pengeringan suhu rendah (pengeringan sejuk
beku (FD) pada -50 °C) dan pengeringan suhu tinggi (pengeringan ketuhar (OD)
pada 40 °C) serta kesan pelarut dengan kekutuban yang berbeza (nisbah etanol
kepada air: 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, 100:0) kepada ciri fitokimia dan
aktiviti antioksidan ekstrak daun C. asiatica. Hasil kajian menunjukkan
ekstrak OD, 100% etanol mengandungi fenol, flavonoid, vitamin C dan kuasa
penurunan ferik (FRAP) yang tinggi (p<0.05) berbanding ekstrak lain.
Manakala aktiviti pemerangkapan DPPH yang paling tinggi (p<0.05) telah
direkodkan oleh ekstrak OD dan FD (80 dan 100% etanol). Pencirian daun C.
asiatica menggunakan teknik kromatografi (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) telah mengenal
pasti kehadiran asid fenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid dan saponin di dalam
ekstrak OD dan FD (100% etanol). Pengkuantitian sebatian flavonoid oleh
HPLC-PDA menunjukkan ekstrak FD 100% etanol (FD100) mengandungi
kaempferol-3-O-rutinosida (K3R) dan rutin yang lebih tinggi berbanding ekstrak
OD 100% etanol (OD100). Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menunjukkan pengeringan
ketuhar (OD) dan pelarut 100% etanol merupakan kaedah pengeringan dan kekutuban
pelarut yang terbaik untuk menghasilkan ekstrak daun C. asiatica dengan
kandungan fenol, flavonoid, vitamin C serta aktiviti FRAP yang tinggi.
Manakala, daun C. asiatica yang dikeringkan secara sejuk beku
menggunakan pelarut etanol 100% menghasilkan ekstrak yang mempunyai kandungan
K3R dan rutin.
Kata kunci: Antioksidan; fenol; flavonoid;
kromatografi; spektrometri jisim (MS)
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